Public domain newspaper titles in Living with Machines
Which public domain (out of copyright) newspaper titles did we search for crowdsourcing and linguistic work in the latter stages of the Living with Machines project? As part of documenting work on annotating articles about accidents, defining machines and words related to mechanisation, and even playing ‘is this text an ad or not?‘, we have listed public domain newspaper titles available to the Living with Machines team below. Huge thanks to Nilo Pedrazzini for compiling this data!
Automatically-transcribed (OCR) text for these titles is available for download from the British Library’s Research Repository. The alto2txt tool might be helpful for turning the METS/ALTO XML datasets into plain text files. If you use the newspaper texts in any way, we’d love to hear about your experiences!
Background
The Living with Machines project had some budget to digitise historical newspapers. We’ve written about the selection, digitisation, copyright clearance and other processes in blog posts: Over half of a million pages of historical newspapers now openly available, Sharing the benefits: free to view newspapers on the British Newspaper Archive and Releasing content for researchers to re-use; Newspaper copyright and Living with Machines; Finding your way… among newspapers and Press Picker: visualising formats and title name changes in the British Library’s newspaper holdings. We’ve also described our work in a chapter, ‘Hunting for Treasure: Living with Machines and the British Library Newspaper Collection‘, and our open access book Collaborative Historical Research in the Age of Big Data: Lessons from an Interdisciplinary Project.
We were also able to work with newspapers digitised by another British Library project (called ‘HMD’, for ‘Heritage Made Digital’). The Heritage Made Digital project focused on digitising newspapers in a ‘poor or unfit condition’ that were also published in London and also distributed outside London – or ‘metropolitan newspapers with a wider circulation’. We’ve included the funding source (LwM or HMD) in the table of newspaper titles below.
Public domain newspaper titles with word and article counts, year spans and funding source
We’ve listed each newspaper with a normalised title, i.e. without the other names a title might have used over time – the names (or ‘titles’) of newspapers changed often! British Library records for a given title usually indicate the previous and subsequent versions of a title. We have used those to group all the versions of a title together under one title, choosing (mostly) by the version on the British Newspaper Archive (BNA) title overview page. The full list of variant titles is at the end of this post.
The table below is sorted by the number of words per title. The year span uses the first and last year of publication, ignoring any gaps in the years published for the sake of brevity.
A note on numbers: ‘articles’ are outlined during a post-digitisation process called ‘optical layout recognition’, or OLR. Ideally, the OLR process segments, or breaks up, pages of text into individual articles, advertisements, etc. However, articles in 19th century newspapers often look different than in modern newspapers, so the OLR process isn’t entirely accurate. (In future, comparing the number of words to the number of identified articles might give us a sense of which titles have the least accurate OLR.)
Title | Number of articles | Number of words (whole) | Number of words (shortened) | Year span | Funded by |
The Sun | 1,625,117 | 1,404,533,002 | 1.4B | 1801-1871 | HMD |
The Express | 368,107 | 278,915,230 | 279M | 1846-1868 | HMD |
Birkenhead News | 400,749 | 193,945,716 | 194M | 1878-1920 | LwM |
The Star | 203,386 | 191,025,349 | 191M | 1801-1831 | HMD |
The Liverpool Standard | 267,993 | 187,542,672 | 188M | 1832-1856 | HMD |
Widnes Examiner | 268,014 | 157,504,625 | 158M | 1876-1916 | LwM |
Northern Weekly Gazette | 291,956 | 117,879,714 | 118M | 1860-1920 | LwM |
The Cotton Factory Times | 223,560 | 116,796,935 | 117M | 1885-1920 | LwM |
Glasgow Courier | 162,766 | 111,315,801 | 111M | 1802-1866 | LwM |
The British Press | 114,487 | 109,503,748 | 110M | 1803-1826 | HMD |
The Swansea and Glamorgan Herald | 129,274 | 108,144,705 | 108M | 1847-1889 | LwM |
Weymouth Telegram | 137,574 | 84,449,322 | 84M | 1862-1901 | LwM |
The Dorset County Express and Agricultural Gazette | 99,328 | 81,725,592 | 82M | 1858-1886 | LwM |
Stockton Herald, South Durham and Cleveland Advertiser | 138,131 | 80,454,850 | 80M | 1858-1892 | LwM |
The Northern Daily Times | 179,988 | 79,720,507 | 80M | 1853-1861 | HMD |
The Statesman | 77,439 | 75,187,658 | 75M | 1806-1824 | HMD |
The Haslingden Gazette | 148,991 | 71,677,020 | 72M | 1901-1920 | LwM |
Penistone, Stocksbridge and Hoyland Express | 132,543 | 67,875,309 | 68M | 1898-1920 | LwM |
The Central Glamorgan Gazette | 142,003 | 66,630,044 | 67M | 1866-1894 | LwM |
The Northern Guardian | 202,362 | 63,071,671 | 63M | 1891-1899 | LwM |
Blackpool Gazette & Herald | 116,541 | 60,570,186 | 61M | 1874-1905 | LwM |
Cradley Heath & Stourbridge Observer | 80,110 | 59,246,462 | 59M | 1864-1888 | LwM |
Denton and Haughton Examiner | 70,773 | 56,233,637 | 56M | 1874-1892 | LwM |
Warwickshire Herald | 81,998 | 44,878,518 | 45M | 1884-1899 | LwM |
Nelson Chronicle, Colne Observer, and Clitheroe Division News | 88,544 | 44,725,823 | 45M | 1890-1904 | LwM |
Barrow Herald and Furness Advertiser | 76,487 | 42,417,638 | 42M | 1866-1890 | LwM |
The Blandford and Wimborne Telegram | 70,359 | 40,830,413 | 41M | 1874-1886 | LwM |
Bridlington and Quay Gazette | 91,095 | 40,183,231 | 40M | 1877-1914 | LwM |
Brighouse & Rastrick Gazette | 73,120 | 37,813,238 | 38M | 1879-1899 | LwM |
The Potteries Examiner | 49,244 | 37,760,646 | 38M | 1871-1881 | LwM |
The Herald of Wales | 55,185 | 36,866,805 | 37M | 1882-1890 | LwM |
Bridport, Beaminster, and Lyme Regis Telegram | 61,261 | 34,072,527 | 34M | 1865-1886 | LwM |
The Atherstone, Nuneaton, and Warwickshire Times | 58,502 | 33,822,478 | 34M | 1879-1891 | LwM |
The Kenilworth Advertiser | 62,164 | 29,099,469 | 29M | 1873-1898 | LwM |
The National Register | 38,578 | 26,907,777 | 27M | 1808-1823 | HMD |
Lancaster Standard and County Advertiser | 43,381 | 23,930,663 | 24M | 1894-1909 | LwM |
Dewsbury Chronicle and West Riding Advertiser | 27,915 | 23,350,478 | 23M | 1872-1895 | LwM |
The Warrington Examiner | 33,532 | 23,063,640 | 23M | 1869-1893 | LwM |
The Poole Telegram | 40,568 | 21,509,658 | 22M | 1879-1886 | LwM |
Runcorn Examiner | 30,254 | 18,874,041 | 19M | 1870-1905 | LwM |
The Press | 25,434 | 18,129,411 | 18M | 1853-1858 | HMD |
Bridgend Chronicle, Cowbridge, Llantrisant, and Maesteg Advertiser | 46,011 | 17,798,676 | 18M | 1880-1894 | LwM |
The Bee-Hive | 21,746 | 15,801,612 | 16M | 1869-1876 | HMD |
The Pontypridd District Herald | 35,330 | 15,106,991 | 15M | 1878-1894 | LwM |
Irvine Express | 20,446 | 13,789,532 | 14M | 1882-1886 | LwM |
Weekly News | 22,398 | 13,553,895 | 14M | 1889-1892 | LwM |
The Glasgow Chronicle | 18,366 | 12,774,946 | 13M | 1847-1850 | LwM |
Colne Valley Guardian | 29,118 | 12,640,100 | 13M | 1896-1906 | LwM |
British Miner and General Newsman | 13,127 | 12,537,292 | 13M | 1862-1867 | LwM |
The North Cumberland Reformer | 21,617 | 12,293,417 | 12M | 1890-1895 | LwM |
The Shropshire Examiner | 17,809 | 12,080,658 | 12M | 1874-1877 | LwM |
The Cannock Chase Examiner | 15,852 | 11,737,026 | 12M | 1874-1877 | LwM |
The Weekly Journal | 23,371 | 10,781,208 | 11M | 1901-1904 | LwM |
Bargoed Journal | 32,944 | 9,734,572 | 10M | 1904-1912 | LwM |
The Manchester Examiner | 8,477 | 9,617,032 | 10M | 1848-1848 | LwM |
The Halifax Comet | 41,875 | 9,440,007 | 9M | 1893-1904 | LwM |
The Forest of Dean Examiner | 13,016 | 9,368,205 | 9M | 1875-1877 | LwM |
Tamworth Miners’ Examiner and Working Men’s Journal | 9,975 | 8,195,566 | 8M | 1873-1876 | LwM |
Darlington & Richmond Herald | 10,635 | 7,209,684 | 7M | 1870-1874 | LwM |
Alston Herald and East Cumberland Advertiser | 13,110 | 6,934,211 | 7M | 1875-1880 | LwM |
The East Riding Telegraph | 17,596 | 6,341,382 | 6M | 1895-1903 | LwM |
Blandford Weekly News | 9,209 | 6,080,568 | 6M | 1886-1889 | LwM |
The Northern News | 10,979 | 4,705,132 | 5M | 1896-1898 | LwM |
Nantwich, Sandbach & Crewe Star | 8,913 | 4,343,840 | 4M | 1888-1891 | LwM |
Lancaster Herald and Town and County Advertiser | 7,703 | 4,185,814 | 4M | 1831-1832 | LwM |
The Midland examiner and Wolverhampton times | 5,862 | 3,958,508 | 4M | 1875-1877 | LwM |
Liverpool Weekly Courier | 5,351 | 2,954,915 | 3M | 1893-1893 | LwM |
Stockton Examiner and South Durham and North Yorkshire Herald | 4,166 | 2,767,739 | 3M | 1879-1893 | LwM |
St. Helens Examiner | 5,532 | 2,755,780 | 3M | 1905-1905 | LwM |
The Industrial Review, Social and Political | 4,278 | 2,594,173 | 3M | 1877-1878 | HMD |
Swansea Journal and South Wales Liberal | 4,607 | 2,584,181 | 3M | 1895-1902 | LwM |
The Atherstone Times. | 4,103 | 2,376,136 | 2M | 1879-1879 | LwM |
The South Staffordshire Examiner | 2,015 | 2,120,821 | 2M | 1874-1874 | LwM |
The Nuneaton Times | 2,661 | 1,415,861 | 1M | 1875-1875 | LwM |
Stretford and Urmston Examiner | 850 | 1,078,708 | 1M | 1879-1879 | LwM |
Stalybridge Examiner | 719 | 525,362 | 525K | 1876-1876 | LwM |
Halifax Local Opinion | 2,026 | 478,762 | 479K | 1892-1892 | LwM |
The Ripon Observer | 580 | 266,927 | 267K | 1893-1893 | LwM |
Barnsley Telephone | 636 | 180,572 | 181K | 1918-1920 | LwM |
Colored News | 1,025 | 72,709 | 73K | 1855-1855 | HMD |
Higher-level geographical regions
In order to compare different sets of articles, we grouped the titles into regions within England – North, South and Midlands, in addition to the national categories of Scotland and Wales.
In percentage of articles:
- North 43.914546
- South 41.482479
- Wales 6.270077
- Midlands 5.494909
- Scotland 2.837989
In raw number of articles:
- North 3119183
- South 2946437
- Wales 445354
- Midlands 390295
- Scotland 201578
Related (variant) titles
A detailed breakdown of the titles as they appear in our corpus and the corresponding normalised version. You can use this to find the normalised title for a given variant in the table above.
- ‘The Sun.’: ‘The Sun’,
- ‘The Express.’: ‘The Express’,
- ‘The Birkenhead News and Wirral General Advertiser.’: ‘Birkenhead News’,
- ‘The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.’: ‘The Liverpool Standard’,
- ‘The Liverpool Standard, and General Advertiser.’: ‘The Liverpool Standard’,
- ‘Widnes Examiner.’: ‘Widnes Examiner’,
- ‘The Cotton Factory Times.’: ‘The Cotton Factory Times’,
- ‘Glasgow Courier.’: ‘Glasgow Courier’,
- ‘The British Press; or, Morning Literary Advertiser.’: ‘The British Press’,
- ‘Swansea and Glamorgan Herald, and South Wales Free Press.’: ‘The Swansea and Glamorgan Herald’,
- ‘Northern Weekly Gazette.’: ‘Northern Weekly Gazette’,
- ‘The North-Eastern Weekly Gazette.’: ‘Northern Weekly Gazette’,
- ‘The Middlesbrough Gazette and General Advertiser.’: ‘Northern Weekly Gazette’,
- ‘Middlesbro & Stockton Gazette and General Advertiser.’: ‘Northern Weekly Gazette’,
- ‘Middlesbrough & Stockton Gazette and General Advertiser.’: ‘Northern Weekly Gazette’,
- ‘Stockton Gazette and Middlesbrough Times.’: ‘Northern Weekly Gazette’,
- ‘The Weekly Gazette for Middlesbrough, Stockton, Hartlepool and Cleveland District’: ‘Northern Weekly Gazette’,
- ‘The Dorset County Express and Agricultural Gazette.’: ‘The Dorset County Express and Agricultural Gazette’,
- ‘Stockton Herald, South Durham and Cleveland Advertiser.’: ‘Stockton Herald, South Durham and Cleveland Advertiser’,
- ‘The Haslingden Gazette.’: ‘The Haslingden Gazette’,
- ‘The Central Glamorgan Gazette, and General, Commercial, and Agricultural Advertiser.’: ‘The Central Glamorgan Gazette’,
- ‘The Northern Guardian.’: ‘The Northern Guardian’,
- ‘The Blackpool Herald.’: ‘Blackpool Gazette & Herald’,
- ‘Blackpool Herald and Fylde Advertiser.’: ‘Blackpool Gazette & Herald’,
- ‘The Stourbridge Observer, Cradley Heath, Halesowen & District Chronicle.’: ‘Cradley Heath & Stourbridge Observer’,
- ‘Cradley Heath & Stourbridge Observer.’: ‘Cradley Heath & Stourbridge Observer’,
- ‘The Observer, Cradley Heath, Halesowen & District Chronicle’: ‘Cradley Heath & Stourbridge Observer’,
- ‘Penistone, Stocksbridge and Hoyland Express, etc.’: ‘Penistone, Stocksbridge and Hoyland Express’,
- ‘Penistone, Stocksbridge, Hoyland and Ecclesfield & Chapeltown Express.’: ‘Penistone, Stocksbridge and Hoyland Express’,
- ‘Penistone, Stocksbridge, Hoyland & Chapeltown Express, etc.’: ‘Penistone, Stocksbridge and Hoyland Express’,
- ‘The Telegram.’: ‘Weymouth Telegram’,
- ‘The Weymouth, Portland and Dorchester Telegram’: ‘Weymouth Telegram’,
- ‘Denton and Haughton Examiner, etc.’: ‘Denton and Haughton Examiner’,
- ‘Denton Examiner, Audenshaw, Hooley Hill and Dukinfield Advertiser.’: ‘Denton and Haughton Examiner’,
- ‘Denton & Haughton Weekly News, and Audenshaw, Hooley Hill, and Dukinfield Advertiser.’: ‘Denton and Haughton Examiner’,
- ‘The Denton, Haughton, & District Weekly News.’: ‘Denton and Haughton Examiner’,
- ‘The Warwickshire Herald.’: ‘Warwickshire Herald’,
- ‘Nelson Chronicle, Colne Observer, and Clitheroe Division News.’: ‘Nelson Chronicle, Colne Observer, and Clitheroe Division News’,
- ‘The Daily Times.’: ‘The Northern Daily Times’,
- ‘Northern Times’: ‘The Northern Daily Times’,
- ‘The Northern Daily Times.’: ‘The Northern Daily Times’,
- ‘The Barrow Herald and Furness Advertiser.’: ‘Barrow Herald and Furness Advertiser’,
- ‘Blandford, Wimborne and Poole Telegram.’: ‘The Blandford and Wimborne Telegram’,
- ‘The Blandford and Wimbourne Telegram.’: ‘The Blandford and Wimborne Telegram’,
- ‘Bridlington and Quay Gazette.’: ‘Bridlington and Quay Gazette’,
- ‘Brighouse & Rastrick Gazette.’: ‘Brighouse & Rastrick Gazette’,
- ‘Brighouse Gazette and Local Railway Guide.’: ‘Brighouse & Rastrick Gazette’,
- ‘The Herald of Wales and Monmouthshire Recorder.’: ‘The Herald of Wales’,
- ‘The Herald of Wales.’: ‘The Herald of Wales’,
- ‘Bridport, Beaminster, and Lyme Regis Telegram and Dorset, Somerset, and Devon Advertiser.’: ‘Bridport, Beaminster, and Lyme Regis Telegram’,
- ‘The Atherstone, Nuneaton, and Warwickshire Times.’: ‘The Atherstone, Nuneaton, and Warwickshire Times’,
- ‘The Potteries Examiner :’: ‘The Potteries Examiner’,
- ‘The Staffordshire and Potteries Examiner.’: ‘The Potteries Examiner’,
- ‘Star.’: ‘The Star’,
- ‘The Kenilworth Advertiser.’: ‘The Kenilworth Advertiser’,
- ‘Lancaster Standard and County Advertiser.’: ‘Lancaster Standard and County Advertiser’,
- ‘The Dewsbury Chronicle, and West Riding Advertiser.’: ‘Dewsbury Chronicle and West Riding Advertiser’,
- ‘The Warrington & Mid-Cheshire Examiner.’: ‘The Warrington Examiner’,
- ‘The Warrington Examiner.’: ‘The Warrington Examiner’,
- ‘The Poole Telegram.’: ‘The Poole Telegram’,
- ‘Runcorn Examiner.’: ‘Runcorn Examiner’,
- ‘Runcorn and Widnes Examiner.’: ‘Runcorn Examiner’,
- ‘The Press.’: ‘The Press’,
- ‘Bridgend & Neath Chronicle, and County of Glamorgan Advertiser.’: ‘Bridgend Chronicle, Cowbridge, Llantrisant, and Maesteg Advertiser’,
- ‘Bridgend Chronicle, Cowbridge, Llantrisant, and Maesteg Advertiser.’: ‘Bridgend Chronicle, Cowbridge, Llantrisant, and Maesteg Advertiser’,
- ‘The Bee-Hive :’: ‘The Bee-Hive’,
- ‘The Bee-Hive.’: ‘The Bee-Hive’,
- ‘The Penny Bee-Hive.’: ‘The Bee-Hive’,
- ‘The Pontypridd District Herald and Rhondda Valley, Llantrisant, Caerphilly, and Mountain Ash News.’: ‘The Pontypridd District Herald’,
- ‘Irvine Express and North Ayrshire Post.’: ‘Irvine Express’,
- ‘Irvine Express.’: ‘Irvine Express’,
- ‘Weekly News.’: ‘Weekly News’,
- ‘The Glasgow Chronicle.’: ‘The Glasgow Chronicle’,
- ‘The Slaithwaite Guardian and Colne Valley News.’: ‘Colne Valley Guardian’,
- ‘The North Cumberland Reformer.’: ‘The North Cumberland Reformer’,
- ‘The Shropshire Examiner and all round the Wrekin advertiser.’: ‘The Shropshire Examiner’,
- ‘The Cannock Chase Examiner.’: ‘The Cannock Chase Examiner’,
- ‘The Weekly Journal.’: ‘The Weekly Journal’,
- ‘The Manchester Examiner.’: ‘The Manchester Examiner’,
- ‘Bargoed Journal.’: ‘Bargoed Journal’,
- ‘New Tredegar, Bargoed & Caerphilly Journal.’: ‘Bargoed Journal’,
- ‘The Halifax Comet.’: ‘The Halifax Comet’,
- ‘The Forest of Dean Examiner :’: ‘The Forest of Dean Examiner’,
- ‘The Tamworth Examiner and Working Mens Journal.’: “The Tamworth Miners’ Examiner and Working Men’s Journal”,
- ‘The Tamworth Miners Examiner and Working Mens Journal.’: “The Tamworth Miners’ Examiner and Working Men’s Journal”,
- ‘Alston Herald, and East Cumberland Advertiser.’: ‘Alston Herald and East Cumberland Advertiser’,
- ‘Darlington & Richmond Herald.’: ‘Darlington & Richmond Herald’,
- ‘The Darlington & Stockton Telegraph, Richmond Herald, South Durham and North York Review.’: ‘Darlington & Richmond Herald’,
- ‘Beverley and East Riding Telegraph.’: ‘The East Riding Telegraph’,
- ‘The East Riding Telegraph.’: ‘The East Riding Telegraph’,
- ‘Blandford Weekly News.’: ‘Blandford Weekly News’,
- ‘The Miner and Workmans Advocate.’: ‘British Miner and General Newsman’,
- ‘The Commonwealth.’: ‘British Miner and General Newsman’,
- ‘The Workmans Advocate’: ‘British Miner and General Newsman’,
- ‘The Miner’: ‘British Miner and General Newsman’,
- ‘British Miner and General Newsman’: ‘British Miner and General Newsman’,
- ‘The Northern News.’: ‘The Northern News’,
- ‘Nantwich, Sandbach & Crewe Star’: ‘Nantwich, Sandbach & Crewe Star’,
- ‘The Lancaster Herald, and Town and County Advertiser.’: ‘Lancaster Herald and Town and County Advertiser’,
- ‘The Wolverhampton and Midland Counties Advertiser.’: ‘The Midland examiner and Wolverhampton times’,
- ‘The Midland Examiner and Wolverhampton Times.’: ‘The Midland examiner and Wolverhampton times’,
- ‘The Midland Examiner and Times.’: ‘The Midland examiner and Wolverhampton times’,
- ‘The Wolverhampton Times and Bilston, Willenhall, Wednesfield, and Sedgley Journal.’: ‘The Midland examiner and Wolverhampton times’,
- ‘Liverpool Weekly Courier.’: ‘Liverpool Weekly Courier’,
- ‘The St. Helens Examiner, and Prescot Weekly News.’: ‘St. Helens Examiner’,
- ‘The Stockton Examiner, and South Durham and North Yorkshire Herald.’: ‘Stockton Examiner and South Durham and North Yorkshire Herald’,
- ‘The Stockton & Thornaby Herald and South Durham Advertiser’: ‘Stockton Examiner and South Durham and North Yorkshire Herald’,
- ‘The Industrial Review, Social and Political.’: ‘The Industrial Review, Social and Political’,
- ‘Swansea Journal and South Wales Liberal.’: ‘Swansea Journal and South Wales Liberal’,
- ‘The Atherstone Times.’: ‘The Atherstone Times.’,
- ‘The South Staffordshire Examiner.’: ‘The South Staffordshire Examiner’,
- ‘The National Register.’: ‘The National Register’,
- ‘The Nuneaton Times.’: ‘The Nuneaton Times’,
- ‘The Statesman.’: ‘The Statesman’,
- ‘Stretford and Urmston Examiner.’: ‘Stretford and Urmston Examiner’,
- ‘Stalybridge Examiner, and Ashton, Dukinfield and Mossley Advertiser.’: ‘Stalybridge Examiner’,
- ‘Halifax Local Opinion.’: ‘Halifax Local Opinion’,
- ‘The Ripon Observer.’: ‘The Ripon Observer’,
- ‘Barnsley Telephone.’: ‘Barnsley Telephone’,
- ‘Colored News.’: ‘Colored News’